Estrategias de mejora de calidad en lactancia en recién nacidos muy bajo peso: revisión del tema / Breastfeeding quality improvement strategies in very low birth weight newborns / Revisao das estratégias de melhoria da qualidade na amamentação de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso

El abordaje nutricional en los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacimiento constituye un desafío en la práctica clínica de los neonatólogos, y muchas veces se aborda fuera del período crítico. Existe evidencia contundente de que la optimización nutricional precoz impacta en forma directamente proporcional en la sobrevida y sobrevida sin morbilidades mayores para este grupo. La implementación de lactancia materna precoz en este contexto debe ser una prioridad del equipo asistencial, siendo la mejora de calidad una herramienta de demostrada utilidad para mejorar los resultados en términos de mortalidad y morbilidad neonatal.

The nutritional approach of the very low birth weight infant poses a great challenge to most neonatologists in their clinical practice, and it is frequently delayed until de newborn is in stable clinical conditions. Currently, scientific evidence supports that early nutritional optimization impacts directly on this group's survival and on their survival without major morbidities. Initiatives fostering early breastfeeding should be prioritized by the healthcare team. Quality improvement has shown to be a very useful resource to improve outcomes regarding neonatal mortality and morbidities.

A abordagem nutricional do recém-nascido de muito baixo peso representa um grande desafio para a maioria dos neonatologistas em sua prática clínica, sendo frequentemente postergada até que o recém-nascido esteja em condições clínicas estáveis. Atualmente, evidências científicas sustentam que a otimização nutricional precoce impacta diretamente na sobrevivência desse grupo e na sobrevivência sem maiores morbidades. Iniciativas de incentivo ao aleitamento materno precoce devem ser priorizadas pela equipe de saúde. A melhoria da qualidade tem se mostrado um recurso muito útil para melhorar os desfechos em relação à mortalidade e morbidades neonatais.

Óbitos pós-cirúrgicos em neonatos com malformações congênitas do aparelho digestivo ou osteomuscular / Post-surgical deaths in neonates with congenital malformations in the digestive or musculoskeletal systems / Muertes post-quirúrgicas en neonatos con malformaciones congénitas digestivas o musculoesqueléticas

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de óbitos pós-cirúrgicos em recém-nascidos com malformação do aparelho digestivo ou osteomuscular em uma maternidade de referência. Método: Estudo exploratório, retrospectivo, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado em uma maternidade de referência localizada em Teresina ­ PI. Os dados foram coletados do Tabwin e de fichas de investigação de óbito infantil de neonatos nascidos em 2016 e 2017 e analisados no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: O tipo de malformação mais prevalente do aparelho digestivo e osteomuscular entre os neonatos que foram a óbito após cirurgia foi o ânus imperfurado (41%) e a gastrosquise (64,2%), respectivamente. O choque séptico, seguido da insuficiência renal aguda foram os fatores determinantes dos óbitos analisados. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce é o fator primordial para redução da morbimortalidade de neonatos acometidos por malformações congênitas, uma vez que contribui para o direcionamento e planejamento dos cuidados imprescindíveis a esses pacientes

Objective: To analyze the occurrence of post-surgical deaths in newborns with malformation in the digestive or musculoskeletal systems in a reference maternity hospital. Method: This is an exploratory and retrospective study, with a quantitative approach, conducted in a reference maternity located in Teresina ­ PI. Data were collected from Tabwin and infant death investigation forms of neonates born in 2016 and 2017 and analyzed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results: The most prevalent type of malformation of the digestive and musculoskeletal systems among neonates who died after surgery was the imperforate anus (41%) and gastroschisis (64.2%), respectively. Septic shock, followed by acute kidney failure, constituted the determining factors of the analyzed deaths. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is the key factor for reducing morbidity and mortality in neonates affected by congenital malformations, as it contributes to the targeting and planning of care actions essential for these patients

Objetivo: Analizar la ocurrencia de muertes post-quirúrgicas en recién nacidos con malformación digestiva o musculoesquelética en una maternidad de referencia. Método: Estudio exploratorio, retrospectivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, realizado en una maternidad de referencia ubicada en Teresina - PI. Los datos se recopilaron de Tabwin y de registros de investigación de muerte infantil de neonatos en 2016 y 2017 y se analizaron utilizando el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados: El tipo de malformación digestiva y musculoesquelética más frecuente entre los neonatos que murieron después de la cirugía fue el ano imperforado (41%) y la gastrosquisis (64,2%), respectivamente. El shock séptico, seguido de insuficiencia renal aguda, constituyeron los factores determinantes de las muertes analizadas. Conclusión: El diagnóstico temprano es el factor principal para reducir la morbimortalidad en los neonatos afectados por malformaciones congénitas, ya que contribuye a la dirección y planificación de la atención esencial para estos pacientes

Atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el PMC: Experiencias del cuidador primario / Nursing care before the death of the child in the PMC: Experiences of the primary caregiver

Introducción: El miembro de la familia que asumió la responsabilidad total del cuidado de las necesidades del niño dentro del Programa Madre Canguro como cuidador primario vivencia un duelo desautorizado cuando el niño muere. La expresión del duelo se ve limitada por el mismo, la familia y la sociedad, incluyendo al sector salud, pues la muerte del niño no es reconocida ni apoyada abiertamente a pesar de ser una situación triste e inesperada. En este sentido, el cuidado de enfermería durante la hospitalización del niño, su muerte, y el proceso de duelo en el hogar no siempre responde a las necesidades y expectativas del cuidador primario. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro en la ciudad de Bogotá, 2019. Diseño: Investigación cualitativa de tipo fenomenológica descriptiva. Los datos se recolectaron mediante entrevistas a profundidad a seis cuidadores primarios. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas textualmente, y posteriormente analizadas manualmente mediante el método de Colaizzi. Resultados: La experiencia del cuidador primario se describe en la categoría central Proteger y transformar el vínculo cuidador-niño: un reto para la atención de enfermería en duelo y en los temas desempeñar el rol de cuidador en la unidad fue complejo; enfrentar la muerte fue impactante; afrontar la ausencia fue doloroso; preservar la memoria fue necesario; y aprender del proceso de duelo fue avanzar. Conclusión: La experiencia del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro se describe como la necesidad de cuidado de enfermería al niño y el cuidador, y el deseo de la participación de enfermería desde el periodo de hospitalización, momento de la muerte y hasta proceso de duelo en el hogar. La atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el P.M.C puede mejorar al centrarse en las expectativas y necesidades del cuidador primario. La experiencia de los cuidadores primarios comparte elementos comunes a pesar de ser una vivencia única y personal.

Introduction: The family member who assumed full responsibility of the child's needs in the Mother Kangaroo Program as the primary caregiver experienced a disenfranchised grief when the child died. The expression of bereavement is limited by himself, the family and society, including the health sector; since the death of the infant is not openly recognized or supported despite being a sad and unexpected event. In this sense, nursing care during the child's hospitalization, death, and the bereavement process at home doesn't always respond to primary caregiver needs and expectations. Objective: To describe the primary caregiver's experiences regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Kangaroo Mother Program in Bogotá (Colombia), 2019. Design: Qualitative research using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with six primary caregivers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and later analyzed manually using Colaizzi's method. Outcomes: The primary caregiver's experience is described in the main category Protecting and Transforming the Caregiver-Child Bond: A Challenge for Bereavement Nursing Care. Five themes expressed this phenomenon: Playing the caregiver role in the unit was complex; facing death was shocking; coping with absence was painful; preserving memory was necessary; and learning from the bereavement process was moving forward. Conclusion: The primary caregiver's experience regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Mother Kangaroo Program is described as the need for nursing care not only for the childbut also for the caregiver. In addition, caregivers express a need for nursing care participation from the hospitalization period to the moment of death, and even to the bereavement process at home. Nursing care when a child's death in the P.M.C. can be improved by focusing on the primary caregiver's expectations and needs. The primary caregiver's experience shares common elements despite being a unique and personal experience.

Atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el P. M. C: Experiencias del cuidador primario / Nursing care before the death of the child in the P. M. C: Experiences of the primary caregiver

Introducción: El miembro de la familia que asumió la responsabilidad total del cuidado de las necesidades del niño dentro del Programa Madre Canguro como cuidador primario vivencia un duelo desautorizado cuando el niño muere. La expresión del duelo se ve limitada por el mismo, la familia y la sociedad, incluyendo al sector salud, pues la muerte del niño no es reconocida ni apoyada abiertamente a pesar de ser una situación triste e inesperada. En este sentido, el cuidado de enfermería durante la hospitalización del niño, su muerte, y el proceso de duelo en el hogar no siempre responde a las necesidades y expectativas del cuidador primario. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro en la ciudad de Bogotá, 2019. Diseño: Investigación cualitativa de tipo fenomenológica descriptiva. Los datos se recolectaron mediante entrevistas a profundidad a seis cuidadores primarios. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, transcritas textualmente, y posteriormente analizadas manualmente mediante el método de Colaizzi. Resultados: La experiencia del cuidador primario se describe en la categoría central Proteger y transformar el vínculo cuidador-niño: un reto para la atención de enfermería en duelo y en los temas desempeñar el rol de cuidador en la unidad fue complejo; enfrentar la muerte fue impactante; afrontar la ausencia fue doloroso; preservar la memoria fue necesario; y aprender del proceso de duelo fue avanzar. Conclusión: La experiencia del cuidador primario frente a la atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el Programa Madre Canguro se describe como la necesidad de cuidado de enfermería al niño y el cuidador, y el deseo de la participación de enfermería desde el periodo de hospitalización, momento de la muerte y hasta proceso de duelo en el hogar. La atención de enfermería ante la muerte del niño en el P.M.C puede mejorar al centrarse en las expectativas y necesidades del cuidador primario. La experiencia de los cuidadores primarios comparte elementos comunes a pesar de ser una vivencia única y personal

Introduction: The family member who assumed full responsibility of the child's needs in the Mother Kangaroo Program as the primary caregiver experienced a disenfranchised grief when the child died. The expression of bereavement is limited by himself, the family and society, including the health sector; since the death of the infant is not openly recognized or supported despite being a sad and unexpected event. In this sense, nursing care during the child's hospitalization, death, and the bereavement process at home doesn't always respond to primary caregiver needs and expectations. Objective: To describe the primary caregiver's experiences regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Kangaroo Mother Program in Bogotá (Colombia), 2019. Design: Qualitative research using a descriptive phenomenological approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with six primary caregivers. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and later analyzed manually using Colaizzi's method. Outcomes: The primary caregiver's experience is described in the main category Protecting and Transforming the Caregiver-Child Bond: A Challenge for Bereavement Nursing Care. Five themes expressed this phenomenon: Playing the caregiver role in the unit was complex; facing death was shocking; coping with absence was painful; preserving memory was necessary; and learning from the bereavement process was moving forward. Conclusion: The primary caregiver's experience regarding nursing care in the face of the child's death in the Mother Kangaroo Program is described as the need for nursing care not only for the childbut also for the caregiver. In addition, caregivers express a need for nursing care participation from the hospitalization period to the moment of death, and even to the bereavement process at home. Nursing care when a child's death in the P.M.C. can be improved by focusing on the primary caregiver's expectations and needs. The primary caregiver's experience shares common elements despite being a unique and personal experience

Análise espacial dos óbitos infantis evitáveis no Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2006-2013 / Análisis espacial de los óbitos infantiles evitables en Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2006-2013 / Spatial analysis of avoidable infant deaths in Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2006-2013

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial dos óbitos infantis evitáveis, de 2006 a 2013, no Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico dos óbitos infantis registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e classificados segundo o método International Colaborative Effort (ICE) on Infant Mortality. As taxas de óbitos evitáveis foram calculadas e suavizadas pelos estimadores bayesianos globais e locais. Para verificar a correlação espacial local, aplicou-se o Índice de Moran Local. Resultados: dos 5.089 óbitos, foram classificados 4.805 segundo o ICE, sendo 77,2% destes evitáveis. A média bruta das taxas foi de 9,68/mil nascidos vivos, reduzindo para 8,96/mil nascidos vivos após o estimador bayesiano global. O município Jerônimo Monteiro apresentou a maior taxa de mortes evitáveis (20,1/mil nascidos vivos). O Índice de Moran Local evidenciou correlação espacial fraca de 0,197 (p=0,02). Conclusão: evidenciou-se a existência de agrupamentos de municípios nas regiões Central e Sul, o que sugere a necessidade de um monitoramento adequado nessas áreas com maior risco de mortes evitáveis.

Objetivo: analizar la distribución espacial de los óbitos infantiles evitables, de 2006 a 2013, en Espírito Santo, Brasil. Métodos: estudio ecológico de los óbitos infantiles, registrados en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y clasificados por la International Colaborative Effort (ICE) on Infant Mortality. Las tasas de óbitos evitables fueron calculadas y suavizadas por los estimadores bayesianos y locales. Para verificar la correlación espacial local, se aplicó el Índice de Moran Local. Resultados: de los 5.089 óbitos, ICE clasificó 4.805, 77,2% de los mismos como evitables. El promedio de las tasas de óbitos evitables fue de 9,68/1.000 nacidos vivos, reducidos a 8,96/1.000 nacidos vivos después del estimador bayesiano global. El municipio de Jerônimo Monteiro presentó la mayor tasa de óbitos evitables (20,1/1.000 nacidos vivos). El Índice de Moran Local mostró una correlación espacial significativa débil, de 0,197 (p-valor=0,02). Conclusión: se presentaron agrupamientos de municipios en las regiones Central y Sur, sugiriendo la necesidad de monitoreo adecuado en áreas con mayor riesgo de muertes evitables.

Objective: to analyze spatial distribution of avoidable infant deaths in Espírito Santo state, Brazil, 2006-2013. Methods: this was an ecological study of infant deaths recorded on the Mortality Information System and classified according to the method used by the International Collaborative Effort on Perinatal and Infant Mortality (ICE). Avoidable death rates were calculated and smoothed by global and local Bayesian estimators. Local Moran's Index was used to verify local spatial correlation. Results: of the 5,089 deaths, 4,805 were classified as per ICE, 77.2% of which were avoidable. The crude mean rate was 9.68/1.000 live births, reducing to 8.96/1.000 live births after applying the global Bayesian estimator. The municipality of Jerônimo Monteiro had the highest rate (20.1/1.000 live births). The Local Moran's Index showed weak spatial correlation of 0.197 (p-value=0.02). Conclusion: there were clusters of municipalities in the Central and Southern regions of the state, suggesting the need for adequate monitoring in these areas where there is a higher risk of avoidable deaths.

Risk factors of death in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia / 浙江大学学报·医学版

To investigate risk factors of death in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). A total of 126 newborns with CDH from June 2012 to September 2018 were enrolled. Concomitant malformations were recorded by descriptive analysis. Newborns received surgical treatment (=120) for CDH were divided into survival group and fatal group. The risk factors of death were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression and the ROC curve with generated with relevant variables. There were 55 CDH newborns with concomitant malformations (43.7%), including 20 cases (15.9%) with multi-malformation. Logistic regression analysis showed that premature rupture of membranes (PROM), postoperative atelectasis, long duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, postoperative high oxygenation index (OI) were related to death (all <0.05), and the delayed surgery was a protective factor (<0.05). In ROC analysis of postoperative OI in predicting death, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.841, with the cutoff value of 5.74, the sensibility and specificity of OI was 81.0% and 75.0%, respectively(<0.01). Newborns with CDH have a high rate of malformations. The risk factors of death were PROM, postoperative atelectasis, postoperative long duration of mechanical ventilation and higher postoperative OI, and delayed surgery may reduce mortality.

Diagnostic Odyssey and Application of Targeted Exome Sequencing in the Investigation of Recurrent Infant Deaths in a Syrian Consanguineous Family: a Case of Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Respiratory Distress Type 1

Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in the immunoglobulin mu binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) gene, leading to motor neuron degeneration. We identified an infant with SMARD1 by targeted exome sequencing from a consanguineous Syrian family having a history of recurrent infant deaths. The patient initially presented intrauterine growth retardation, poor sucking, failure to thrive, and respiratory failure at the age of two months, and an inborn error of metabolism was suspected at first. Over a period of one month, the infant showed rapid progression of distal muscular weakness with hand and foot contractures, which were suggestive of neuromuscular disease. Using targeted exome sequencing, the mutation in IGHMBP2 was confirmed, although the first report was normal. Targeted exome sequencing enabled identification of the genetic cause of recurrent mysterious deaths in the consanguineous family. Additionally, it is suggested that a detailed phenotypic description and communication between bioinformaticians and clinicians is important to reduce false negative results in exome sequencing.

Maltrato infantil. Presentación de un caso / Child abuse. Presentation of a case

RESUMEN El maltrato infantil constituye un problema de profundas repercusiones psicológicas, sociales, éticas, jurídicas y médicas. La definición de maltrato implica una valoración social en relación a lo que es peligroso o inadecuado para el niño. En eso reside la gran dificultad para definirlo. En este artículo se expone un caso poco común de maltrato infantil, que culminó con la muerte de la víctima de 22 meses de edad, que según los datos aportados por la instrucción policial, en horas de la noche, del día 4 de octubre del 2015, al llegar al cuerpo de guardia, la doctora de asistencia constata que la misma se encontraba fallecida y al examen físico presentó múltiples lesiones recientes y antiguas en el cuerpo. Se recoge el antecedente de maltrato familiar en varias ocasiones, siendo el último ocasionado alrededor de 2 días (AU).

ABSTRACT Child abuse is a problem of deep psychological, social, ethical, juridical and medical repercussions. The definition of abuse implies a social judgment in relation of what is dangerous or inadequate for a child. This is the cause of the enormous difficulty of defining it. An uncommon case of child abuse is described in this article. It ended up with the death of the 22-years-months child who, according with the data given by the police instruction, was death when arrived to the Emergency Unit on October 4th 2015 at night. At the arrival, the caregiver doctor stated that the child was death, and at the physical examination she presented multiple recent and old lesions in the body. It was recorded the antecedent of family abuse in several occasions, being the last one around two days ago (AU).

Síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante / Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Resumen El síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante es la principal causa de muerte infantil post neonatal en los países desarrollados. El mismo se caracteriza por una muerte repentina e inexplicable de un infante menor a un año. La compleja interacción de múltiples factores en su patogénesis se ilustra con la teoría del triple riesgo, la cual involucra un infante vulnerable en un periodo crítico de su desarrollo ante un factor de riesgo externo. Por medio de educación a los cuidadores y padres se ha documentado una disminución importante en su incidencia, aunque la misma continúa siendo muy alta.

Abstract Sudden infant death syndrome is the leading cause of post neonatal infant death in the developed countries. It is characterized for the sudden and unexplained death of an infant younger than one year old. The interaction of multiple factors in its pathogenesis is illustrated by the triple risk theory, which involves a vulnerable infant at a critical moment of its development facing an external risk factor. Through education to caregivers and parents a drop in incidence has been documented, although it is still very high.

Pediatric Deaths and Venipuncture / 대한법의학회지

Venipuncture is a routine and relatively safe and painless medical procedure, necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, given that pain related to medical procedures may have adverse effects for children, could venipuncture cause deaths in infants and children? We analyzed our cases of unexpected death after venipuncture and conducted a literature review on them. A vasovagal response to noxious stimuli may explain such a sudden death immediately after venipuncture, commonly presented as needle phobia, breath-holding spell, and reflex anoxic seizure in the literature, despite the fact that the current medical evidence is not enough to prove their casual relationship. In addition, pain prevention and management during medical procedure is incorporated in clinical guidelines for pediatric patients, because painful medical procedures negatively affect child development. Thus, prevention and management of pain related to medical procedure may be helpful to avoid an adverse vasovagal response to noxious stimuli from occurring.

Optimal Timing of Delivery Based on the Risk of Stillbirth and Infant Death Associated with Each Additional Week of Expectant Management in Multiple Pregnancies: a National Cohort Study of Koreans

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the fetal/infant mortality risk associated with each additional week of expectant management to that associated with immediate delivery in women with multiple gestations. METHODS: This was a retrospective national cohort study of 94,170 multiple deliveries, 92,619 (98.4%) twin and 1,352 (1.44%) triplet pregnancies, between 32 0/7 and 42 6/7 weeks of gestation recorded in the Korean vital statistics database. We investigated the risks of stillbirth and infant death after birth in Korea according to the week of gestation in twin and triplet pregnancies. RESULTS: The risk of stillbirth significantly increased between 34 and 35 weeks of gestation and between 37 and 38 weeks of gestation in twin pregnancies and between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation in triplet pregnancies. The risk of infant death following delivery gradually decreased as pregnancies approached full term. Week-by-week differences were statistically significant between 33 and 34 weeks, with decreasing risks of infant death at advancing gestational ages in twin pregnancies. At 37 weeks of gestation, the relative risk of mortality was significantly higher with expectant management compared with immediate delivery (relative risk, 3.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.41–6.38). CONCLUSION: In twin pregnancies, delivery at 37 weeks of gestation can minimize the risks of stillbirth and infant death in uncomplicated cases, although individual maternal and fetal characteristics must be considered when determining the optimal timing of delivery. In multiple pregnancies, close fetal surveillance is needed after 34 weeks of gestation.

Caracterización anatomopatológica de los neonatos fallecidos durante el quinquenio 2010-2014 / Pathological characterization of dead neonates during 2010-2014

Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo de los 55 neonatos autopsiados en el Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital General Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, durante el quinquenio 2010-2014, para identificar las características anatomopatológicas que permitieran determinar las causas de las defunciones y describir los factores maternos y neonatales concurrentes en estas últimas. Entre los principales hallazgos sobresalió el predominio de estos decesos en el 2010, con 16; del sexo masculino (61,81 por ciento); de la muerte neonatal precoz con 32, de los nacidos pretérmino con bajo peso (94,44 por ciento), del parto por cesárea y de la preclampsia como antecedente materno. La causa básica de muerte más frecuente fue nacer antes del término con bajo peso en 30; y la causa directa de muerte, la hipoxia en 15 de ellos

A cross-sectional and retrospective study of the 55 neonates undergoing autopsy was carried out in the Pathology Department of Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, during 2010-2014, to identify the pathological characteristics that allowed to determine the causes of deaths and to describe the maternal and neonatal concurrent factors in the latter. Among the main findings the prevalence of these deaths in 2010 was significant, with 16; from male sex (61.81 percent); 32 with neonatal early death, of preterm birth with low birth weight (94.44 percent), of Caesarean delivery and of pre-eclampsia as maternal history. The most frequent basic cause of death was being born before term with low weight in 30 neonates; and the direct cause of death, hypoxia in 15 of them

Classificações de evitabilidade dos óbitos infantis: diferentes métodos, diferentes repercussões? / Clasificaciones de evitabilidad de los óbitos infantiles: ¿diferentes métodos, diferentes repercusiones? / Classification systems for avoidability of infant deaths: different methods, different repercussions?

Resumo: O objetivo foi comparar a evitabilidade dos óbitos infantis e analisar os grupos de redutibilidade segundo os métodos de classificação. Estudo descritivo comparativo, realizado entre 2006 e 2013, no Espírito Santo, Brasil, por meio da classificação de 5.316 óbitos infantis, de acordo com cinco métodos de evitabilidade diferentes. Os métodos International Colaborative Effort on Infant Mortality (ICE) e a Fundação SEADE foram capazes de classificar a maior quantidade de óbitos em evitáveis e não evitáveis, respectivamente, 94,6% e 94,4%. Ressalta-se que a maioria das mortes foi em consequência de falhas na atenção ao pré-natal, ao parto e ao puerpério, independentemente do método de evitabilidade aplicado. Além disso, observou-se considerável número de óbitos ocorridos por causas “mal definidas” em todos os métodos, sugerindo a dificuldade de acesso ou assistência precária dos serviços de saúde. Nota-se que o emprego dos métodos de evitabilidade consiste em um importante instrumento para o diagnóstico das falhas de desempenho dos serviços de saúde e a orientação de medidas para reduzir os óbitos infantis evitáveis. Portanto, o fortalecimento da assistência materno-infantil, o investimento em treinamentos e a capacitação dos profissionais de saúde configuram-se como foco prioritário para o avanço de políticas públicas direcionadas à redução da mortalidade infantil.

Resumen: El objetivo fue comparar la evitabilidad de los óbitos infantiles y analizar los grupos de reducibilidad, según los métodos de clasificación. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo comparativo, realizado entre 2006 y 2013, en Espírito Santo, mediante la clasificación de 5.316 óbitos infantiles, de acuerdo con cinco métodos de evitabilidad diferentes. Los métodos International Colaborative Effort on Infant Mortality (ICE) y la Fundación SEADE fueron capaces de clasificar la mayor cantidad de óbitos en evitables y no evitables, respectivamente, 94,6% y 94,4%. Se resalta que la mayoría de las muertes fueron consecuencia de errores en la atención al pre-natal, al parto y al puerperio, independientemente del método de evitabilidad aplicado. Asimismo, se observó un considerable número de óbitos ocurridos por causas “mal definidas” en todos los métodos, sugiriendo la dificultad de acceso o asistencia precaria de los servicios de salud. Se nota que el empleo de los métodos de evitabilidad consiste en un importante instrumento para el diagnóstico de los errores de desempeño de los servicios de salud y la orientación de medidas para reducir los óbitos infantiles evitables. Por tanto, el fortalecimiento de la asistencia materno-infantil, la inversión en prácticas y la capacitación de los profesionales de salud se configuran como un foco prioritario para el avance de políticas públicas dirigidas a la reducción de la mortalidad infantil.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the avoidability of infant deaths according to different classification methods. This was a descriptive comparative study from 2006 to 2013 in Espírito Santo State, Brazil, focusing on the classification of 5,316 infant deaths according to five different methods. The methods of the International Collaborative Effort on Infant Mortality (ICE) and the SEADE Foundation correctly classified the highest proportions of deaths as avoidable versus unavoidable (94.6% and 94.4% correct classification, respectively). Most deaths resulted from quality problems in prenatal, childbirth, and postpartum care, regardless of which classification method was used. There were also considerable numbers of deaths from “ill-defined” causes according to all the methods, suggesting difficulty in access or precious care in health services. Avoidability methods provide an important instrument for diagnosis of quality problems in health services performance and orientation of measures to reduce avoidable infant deaths. Thus, strengthening maternal and child care and investment in training and capacity-building for health professionals and services are priorities for public policies to reduce infant mortality.

Atividades desenvolvidas pelos comitês de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal: revisão integrativa / Actividades desarrolladas por los comités de prevención de la muerte infantil y fetal: revisión integradora / Activities developed by the committees of prevention of infant and fetal deaths: integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo Sistematizar o conhecimento sobre as atividades desenvolvidas por comitês que atuam com a prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal. Método Revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada no mês de novembro de 2015, nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, BDEnf e SciELO, utilizando as palavras-chave e descritores mortalidade infantil, óbito infantil, óbitos infantis, óbito fetal, óbitos fetais, mortalidade fetal, mortalidade neonatal, comitê de profissionais, comissão, comissões, comitês consultivos. Os 34 estudos selecionados foram organizados e analisados com auxílio do Microsoft Excel®. Resultados Há comitês de âmbito internacional, nacional, regional, estadual e municipal que analisam óbitos e realizam atividades para qualificar a assistência materno-infantil e alimentar os sistemas de informação em saúde. Conclusão Os comitês de prevenção do óbito infantil e fetal desenvolvem atividades de coleta, produção, análise e divulgação de informações relacionadas ao óbito com a finalidade de reduzir taxas de mortalidade infantil e fetal.

RESUMEN Objetivo Para sistematizar el conocimiento de las actividades desarrolladas por los comités que trabajan con la prevención del trabajo infantil y la muerte fetal. Método Revisión integrada de la literatura, que se celebró en noviembre de 2015, de las bases de datos PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, BDEnf y SciELO, usando las palabras clave y descriptores de mortalidad infantil,mortalidad fetal intrauterina, mortinatos, mortalidad fetal, la mortalidad neonatal, del comité profesional, comisiones, comités de asesoramiento. Se organizaron los 34 estudios seleccionados y se los analizó utilizando Microsoft Excel®. Resultados Existen internacionalmente comités, nacional, regional, estatal y actividades escénicas locales para calificar los sistemas de información de salud materna e infantil y de los alimentos. Conclusión Los comités de prevención de la mortalidad infantil y fetal se desarrollan las actividades de recolección, producción, análisis y difusión de información relacionada con la muerte, a fin de reducir las tasas de mortalidad infantil y fetal.

ABSTRACT Objective To systematize knowledge on the activities developed by the committees involved in the prevention of infant and fetal deaths. Method Integrated literature review conducted in November 2015 at PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, BDEnf and SciELO databases using keywords and descriptors of infant mortality, infant death, infant deaths, fetal death, fetal deaths, fetal mortality, neonatal mortality, professional committee, committee, committees, advisory committees. The 34 selected studies were organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel®. Results International, national, regional, state and local committees analyze the deaths and conduct activities aimed to qualify maternal and childcare and feed the health information systems. Conclusion The committees for the prevention of infant and fetal mortality collect, produce, analyze and disseminate information related to these deaths in order to reduce infant and fetal mortality rates.

Clinical characteristics of pregnancies complicated by congenital myotonic dystrophy

OBJECTIVE: Although the conventional prevalence of myotonic dystrophy is 1:8,000, the prevalence in Korean population was recently reported as 1:1,245. With higher domestic result than expected, we aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of pregnancies complicated by congenital myotonic dystrophy in our institution. METHODS: We have reviewed 11 paired cases of neonates diagnosed with congenital myotonic dystrophy and their mothers between July 2004 and May 2014, with clinical features including maternal history of infertility, prenatal ultrasonographic findings, and neonatal outcomes. Cytosine-thymine-guanine (CTG) repeat expansion in the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase gene of both neonates and their mothers was also examined. RESULTS: None of mother was aware of their myotonic dystrophy traits before pregnancy. History of infertility followed by assisted reproductive technology accounted for 57.1% (4/7). Distinctive prenatal ultrasonographic finding was severe idiopathic polyhydramnios (66.7%, 4/6) with median amniotic fluid index of 43 (range, 37 to 66). In 37.5% (3/8) cases, decreased fetal movement was evident during prenatal ultrasound examination. For neonatal outcomes, more than half (6/11) were complicated with preterm birth and the proportion of 1-minute Apgar score <4 and 5-minute Apgar score <7 was 44.4% (4/9) and 66.7% (6/9), respectively. Most of neonates were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (9/10) because of hypotonia with respiratory problems and there was one infant death. Median number of cytosine-thymine-guanine repeats in mothers and neonates was 400 (range, 166 to 1,000) and 1,300 (range, 700 to 2,000), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that severe idiopathic polyhydramnios with decreased fetal movement in pregnant women, especially with a history of infertility, requires differential diagnosis of congenital myotonic dystrophy.

Trends of Social Inequalities in the Specific Causes of Infant Mortality in a Nationwide Birth Cohort in Korea, 1995–2009

The relationship between social disparity and specific causes of infant mortality has rarely been studied. The present study analyzed infant mortality trends according to the causes of death and the inequalities in specific causes of infant mortality between different parental social classes. We analyzed 8,209,836 births from the Statistics Korea between 1995 and 2009. The trends of disparity for cause-specific infant mortality according to parental education and employment were examined using the Cox proportional hazard model for the birth-year intervals of 1995–1999, 2000–2004, and 2005–2009. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated after adjusting for infants' gender, parents' age, maternal obstetrical history, gestational age, and birth weight. An increasing trend in social inequalities in all-cause infant mortality according to paternal education was evident. Social inequalities in infant mortality were greater for “Not classified symptoms, signs and findings” (International Classification of Diseases 10th revision [ICD-10]: R00–R99) and “Injury, poisoning and of external causes” (S00–T98), particularly for “Ill-defined and unspecified causes” (R990) and “Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)” (R950); and increased overtime for “Not classified symptoms, signs and findings” (R00–R99), “Injury, poisoning and of external causes” (S00–T98) and “Conditions in perinatal period” (P00–P96), particularly for “SIDS” (R950) and “Respiratory distress syndrome of newborns (RDS)” (P220). The specific causes of infant mortality, in particular the “Not classified causes” (R00–R99 coded deaths) should be investigated more thoroughly to reduce inequality in health.

Infant, maternal, and perinatal mortality statistics in the Republic of Korea, 2014

This study aimed to analyze infant, maternal, perinatal, and fetal mortality statistics in the Republic of Korea (Korea), 2014. It was based on the open-access data available from the Statistics Korea website (http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action). Recent trends in these vital statistics were also examined. The results of this study constitute a descriptive presentation and analysis of the national data. The number of infant deaths was 1,305 out of 435,435 live births in 2014, and the infant mortality rate was 3.0. The number of maternal deaths was 48. The maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births was 11.0. The maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 women of child-bearing age (15 to 49 years old) was 0.37. The number of perinatal deaths was 1,365, and the perinatal mortality rate was 3.1. The number of fetal deaths was 5,317. The fetal mortality rate was 12.1. The trends in those vital statistics in recent years were consistent except for a few findings, including a decrease in the maternal mortality ratio of pregnant women 40 years old and older and a change in the proportions of the causes of infant death, with a decrease in mortality due to neonatal respiratory distress and an increase in mortality due to bacterial sepsis. Although these vital statistics were generally consistent, some aspects varied by year. Pregnant women less than 20 years old should be monitored more intensively for their babies' health. Our findings can serve as basic data supporting the establishment of health policies by the Korean government.

Itinerário terapêutico: a busca por cuidados de mães cujos filhos faleceram com menos de um ano / La ruta terapéutica: la búsqueda de las madres lactantes cuyos hijos murieron en menos de un año / Therapeutic rout: the search for care of mothers whose children have died less than a year

Recognizing the care trajectories of mothers whose children have died less than a year. Methods: this was a qualitative study conducted with pregnant women who reported fetal or neonatal death during the year 2012 in the countryside of Bahia municipality. To collect data, we used the in-depth interview and analysis content analysis technique proposed by Bardin. Results: one can see the clutter on the network of health care of women with predominance of dehumanization traits and difficulty by professionals in continuing care in other levels of care. Conclusions: the study of the care trajectories revealed itself as a tool of therapeutic routin valuable to assess the functioning of health care networks, making visible successes and difficulties presented in the context of care to pregnant women...

Conhecer as trajetórias assistenciais de mães cujos filhos faleceram com menos de um ano. Métodos: tratou-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com gestantes que referiram óbito fetal ou neonatal durante o ano de 2012 num município do interior da Bahia. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se da entrevista em profundidade e para análise a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: pode-se perceber a desorganização na rede de atenção à saúde da mulher com predominância de traços de desumanização e dificuldade por parte dos profissionais em dar continuidade ao cuidado em outros níveis de atenção. Conclusão: o estudo das trajetórias assistenciais revelou-se como uma ferramenta do itinerário terapêutico inestimável para avaliar o funcionamento de redes de atenção à saúde, tornando visíveis acertos e dificuldades apresentados no âmbito da assistência prestada à gestante...

Conocer las trayectorias de atención de las madres cuyos hijos murieron en menos de un año. Métodos: este fue un estudio cualitativo realizado con las mujeres embarazadas que informaron de la muerte fetal o neonatal durante el año 2012 en el interior del municipio de Bahía. Para recopilar los datos, se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido de la entrevista en profundidad. Resultados: uno puede ver el desorden en la red de atención de salud de las mujeres con predominio de rasgos dela deshumanización y la dificultad de profesionales de atención continua en otros niveles de atención. Conclusiones: el estudio de las trayectorias de atención se reveló como una herramienta de itinerario terapéutico de gran valor para evaluar el funcionamiento de las redes de atención de salud, haciendo visibles los éxitos y las dificultades que se presentan en el contexto de la atención a las mujeres embarazadas...

Impacto da implantação da Rede Cegonha nas hospitalizações em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal / Impact of deployment of “Stork Network” in hospitalizations in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Avaliar o impacto da implantação da rede cegonha nas hospitalizações em Unidade de Terapia IntensivaNeonatal. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo e transversal, com 283 prontuários de recém-nascidos hospitalizadosem unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal antes e após a implantação da Rede Cegonha, correlacionando dadosda gestante às condições dos bebês. Resultados: após a implantação da Rede Cegonha, a porcentagem degestantes que realizaram seis ou mais consultas aumentou 6,5% e diagnóstico de doença hipertensiva específicada gestação reduziu 10,8%. Notou-se também redução de uma semana na idade gestacional média dos bebêsbem como redução de 14,4% na porcentagem de bebês com peso ≥2500 gramas. O número de óbitos durantea hospitalização passou de 2,4% para 14,5%. Conclusão: a meta de realizar triagem e monitoramento dasgestações de risco foi atingida, entretanto, a redução da taxa de mortalidade neonatal ainda é desafio.Descritores: Morte do Lactente; Prematuro; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal...

Future of neonatology in Korea: the way forward

Throughout the past several decades in Korea, the field of neonatology has developed enormously along with the advancement of modern neonatal intensive care units, which has resulted in significant improvement of treatment effectiveness for high-risk newborn and premature infants. Since the deaths of newborn infants are closely related to the infant death rate - one of the most important indicators of national health - neonatal intensive care is significant as a major element of the basic infrastructure of the national healthcare system. In Korea, where a noteworthy decrease in birth rates and an aging population has serious consequences for the future, interest at the national level and policy support for neonatal intensive care as well as for the effective continuous and systematic organization of perinatal care is strongly needed. Important topics for future exploration in the field of neonatology in Korea include the establishment of regionalization and organization of an effective perinatal care system, active quality improvement in neonatal care, and the improvement of evidence-based neonatal medicine through active multicenter clinical trials and the development of new research subjects for unresolved problems in the neonatal field. In addition, suggestions for multidisciplinary treatment and interest in family-oriented and developmental care for newborn infants as well as long-term follow-up research after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit will also be discussed.